The United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit: 2010

01 February 1966; Harbor Clearance Unit ONE established at Subic Bay, Philippines. The establishment of HCU ONE was authorized by the Secretary of the Navy to fill the need for harbor clearance of any waterway or port in Vietnam. While the idea of a harbor clearance team harkened back to successful clearance operations by various units in WWII, this new operational concept gave Navy Salvage an additional capability. The missions of HCU ONE in Vietnam would call for committing small and highly mobile teams of well qualified salvage specialists to a job rather than relying on large salvage ships. While deep heavy salvage was and is very necessary; the waterways, rivers and deltas of certain geographic areas (like Vietnam) simply won't support large vessels just as open ocean doesn't do well with small ones.

The original crew of HCU ONE consisted of a hand-picked cadre of five officers and sixty-five enlisted men. The unit's headquarters started out as a barge specifically converted to a salvage tender that was outfitted with all the shop facilities, storage, and accommodations necessary to support various salvage operations. The team would later acquire adequate medical, office and armory facilities. A typical diving team consisted of an officer and 18 enlisted men. These Divers were all a colorful and confident bunch (as would be expected) even giving their teams nicknames. For example, HCU ONE Team FIVE was originally known as Bennett's Bastards after their OIC LT John Bennett. HCU ONE Team ONE was known as Naquin's Nitwits again after the OIC LT John C. Naquin. HCU ONE grew in men and equipment during its years of existence and amassed a huge record of success. During its tenure in the Philippines, the unit was awarded two Navy Unit Commendations, a Meritorious Unit Commendation and a Vietnamese Unit Cross of Gallantry. Eventually, HCU ONE would move its homeport to Hawaii and later be renamed Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit ONE where it continues operations today. Its east coast counterpart Harbor Clearance Unit TWO would be stood up 8 months later on October 1, 1966 and will be covered in a future email.

Note: To see more HCU ONE photos and sea stories than could possibly be attached to this email check out the following website: http://www.seastory.us/hcu1/

H/Y

Probabilistic models of decompression sickness (DCS) were developed to combine the data from laboratory run decompression trials with controlled depth, time, temperature and exercise profiles with DCS as the measured outcome. The parameters of the models are found through an iterative process that search for the values that provide the best fit between the models prediction and the measured outcomes.

The US Navy's development of probabilistic decompression models starts with Dr Weathersby Paper:

Weathersby PK, Homer LD, Flynn ET. On the Likelihood of Decompression Sickness. J Appl Physiol: Respir Environ Exercise Physiol 1984; 57:815-825 Available from: http://jap.physiology.org/

The model was expanded to use the time of occurrence of the DCS outcomes as part of the fitting process:

Weathersby PK, Survanshi SS, Homer LD, Parker E, Thalmann ED. Predicting the Time of occurrence of decompression sickness. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72:1541-1548 Available from: http://jap.physiology.org/

Most of the Navy's technical reports issued out of NEDU, NMRC, and NSMRL (and other diving labs) that have been deemed to be suitable for public release (distribution statement A) are available for free download through the Rubicon Foundations website. The research that was behind the above two papers was documented in greater detail in a series of Technical Reports entitled "Statistically Based Decompression Tables" Numbered I through XII that should be easier to access. Eleven of the Statistically Based Decompression Tables" Technical reports are available from Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC) Collection on the Rubicon site: http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/dspace/handle/123456789/3126

An additional probabilistic decompression model that was developed at Duke University is BVM3, a bubble volume model. BVM3 changes the risk function from being a function of the gas content of the tissues, to being a function of the volume of a bubble that is created in the compartment as a result of the decompression. The shape of the resulting risk function shift the maximum instantaneous risk to later after the diver has surfaced compared to the gas content models. This was a desired feature as DCS symptoms are observed to have a latency after surfacing. The reference for BVM3 is: Gerth WA, Vann RD. Probabilistic gas and bubble dynamics models of decompression sickness occurrence in air and nitrogen-oxygen diving. Undersea Hyer Med 1997; 24(4):275-292
http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2258

The proceedings of the fifty-first workshop of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society summarizes the techniques behind probabilistic physiological models (including decompression sickness). The proceedings can be downloaded from:
http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/8027

Two good overviews of the state of US Navy decompression research and the use of probabilistic decompression models are available in proceedings of recent conferences. The first presentation was given at the DAN Technical Diver Conference with a presentation aimed at Technical Divers (pg 138-158):
http://www.dan.org/FastAccess/2008TechnicalDiving.aspx
The second is found in a chapter in the "Decompression and the Deep Stops Workshop Proceedings" June 24-25th, 2008 Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (pg 165-185) which includes the documentation of a dive trial conducted to attempt to differentiate between the two leading probabilistic models.
http://underseaandh960.corecommerce.com/ALL-PUBLICATIONS/Decompression-and-the-Deep-Stop-Workshop-Proceedings-p13.html

The United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit

Monday, February 1, 2010

This day in Diving History -- 01 February 1966 -- Harbor Clearance Unit ONE Established

Tuesday, January 12, 2010

Probabilistic models of decompression sickness (DCS)

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